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This paper covers peculiarities and problems of monoindustrial mining towns in terms of sustainability and safety exemplified by one of territories in Russia. The work takes into account results of various studies in sustainability of natural resource driven economies from different countries. The sustainability issues of resource-driven monoindustrial territories are typical for all developing economies of such kind. Therefore, approaches already used in other countries can be appliedin solving such problems. The paper analyses differences in sustainability issues of monoindustrial and polyindustrial economies, especially those caused by the substantial impact of a town-forming enterprise (TFE). The research uses the anthropocentric faceted approach (AFA) to assess the economic impact of the TFEs. As exemplified by Leninsk-Kuznetsky, a monoindustrial town located in Kemerovo region, Russia, the paper describes the specificities of social and labor relations and the impact of the TFE on sustainable development and the sustainable safety of labor. The research also justifies the approach for monitoring the social economic growth of the monoindustrial economies considering the link between sustainability, business activity and the social responsibility of the TFE (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR).