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In the present paper, the results of numerical simulation of high-rate deformation of stochastic metal-ceramic composite materials Al–50% B4C, Al–50% SiC, and Al–50% Al2O3 at the mesoscopic scale level under loading by a plane shock wave are presented. Deformation of the mesoscopic volume of a composite, whose structure consists of the aluminum matrix and randomly distributed reinforcing ceramic inclusions, is numerically simulated. The results of the numerical simulation are used for the investigation of special features of the mechanical behavior at the mesoscopic scale level under shock-wave loading and for the numerical evaluation of effective elastic and strength properties of metal-ceramic composites with reinforcing ceramic inclusions of different shapes. Values of effective sound velocities, elastic moduli and elastic limits of investigated materials are obtained, and the character of the dependence of the effective elastic and strength properties on the structure parameters of composites is determined. The simulation results show that values of effective mechanical characteristics weakly depend on the shape of reinforcing inclusions and mainly are defined by their volume concentration.